2003
Across Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and Latin America, women mobilise for reproductive rights, bodily autonomy, political participation, and structural transformation—often in defiance of authoritarian regimes, neoliberal austerity, and resurgent fundamentalisms.
In Africa, the 2003 Maputo Protocol marks an historic advance, tackling gender-based violence, harmful practices such as female genital mutilation, and women’s economic and political rights. Its adoption is driven by relentless feminist advocacy, though struggles for ratification and implementation continue.
In Latin America, movements in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico challenge conservative religious strongholds, laying the groundwork for future abortion rights victories. These mobilisations deepen intersectional and decolonial feminist critiques, demonstrating the power of grassroots organising to push legal and political frontiers.
